MGM Unveils Special Exhibition “To Infinity and Beyond: The Art of Hsiao Chin”
The BeijingArt Museum sponsors an exhibit of works by Liu Wei and Fang Lijun. For example, Sui Jianguo, Zhan Wang, andYu Fan install works in a demolished area of Beijing, while Feng Boyi uses a privatespace in the eastern suburbs of Beijing for a group show of installation and performancework. Richard Vine intertwines biographical details with socio historical context to explain the significance of a work’s subject matter and salient formal qualities. Needless to say, talent in the kitchen is certainly a family gift. In addition to the minutiae of the everyday, Xu explained that an interest in European artistic and philosophical ideas also provided inspiration, presaging the receptivity later associated with the 85 New Wave. Actually, it’s always said that Wagyue doesn’t really want to work as a tartare. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens. 1984Britain and the PRC sign the Joint Declaration, which states that Hong Kong willbecome a Special Administrative Region SAR of the People’s Republic of China asof 1997. Using the theses of Slavoj Žižek1 to study five remarkable films from the Sixth Generation, he notes that neo liberal globalisation is the new evil targeted by Chinese filmmakers. Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for Chinese 100A after completing Chinese 100 or Chinese 100XA or Chinese 100YA. Behind the New Balance 2002R: How it became a global phenomenon. Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks 4 hours of lecture per week. Intellectualsand the public respond to the initiative with the Beijing Spring Democracy Movement,which flourishes from November 1978 through 1979.
Main navigation
Jessica Ka Yee Chan, University of RichmondFollow. Grading/Final exam status: Offered for pass/not pass grade only. Rather than a crisis, however, Jose argued that this new wave of Chinese migration is ‘something to celebrate,’ a cultural stimulus comparable in scale to the welcoming of Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s that cultivated Australian familiarity with China and Chinese people to an extent not seen since the nineteenth century. This course seeks to develop skills in perception, comprehension, and interpretation when dealing with film and other moving image media. Purchases are for personal use only. The piece features a cheery Mao era farmworker—an image used as state propaganda—repeated across 25 images, with her figure becoming increasingly fuzzy and disrupted. Then, on April 12, a leader of the ChineseArtists Association Zhongguo meishujia xiehui, a government approved organizationdirected by the Chinese Communist Party CCP, approaches the chief organizer ofthe exhibition with a request to terminate his activities. 52Judging from the list of prizes and scholarships, the numbers of Chinese male and female prize winners were similar. While we deal with https://chinaavantgarde.com modernist issues about individualism and formalism,and post modern theme of cultural identification, the pre modern theme of enlightenment has still not been resolved. Elementary Taiwanese: Read Less. In response to its first invitation to aninternational biennial, Hong Kong represented by video/installation artist Ho Siu keein the 23rd Bienal of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Based on the theme of sacrifice for love, The Gate is structured as a theme and variations. Attention on aesthetic and political documents, imagery, and methods which persist to present day. Chen’s clientele are the conservative, wealthy elites of China’s business and political circles who are more concerned with classic elegance than this season’s trends on the runways of Paris, New York or Milan. Ninety two percent of the entries to the Museumof Art’s Biennial Exhibition are rejected, including all of the installation works. Article Google Scholar. These artists dominate the art scene foralmost a decade. Artist/art historian Lin Hsin yueh curatesToward the Zenith: Taiwan Contemporary Art Maixiang dianfeng: Taiwan xiandai meishudazhan, inviting 55 artists to show large scale works at Ji chan 50 Art Space inKao hsiung. Yan: Most important is that the creators keep having the desire to create independently from the public reception of their work. Those qualities began to emerge very clearly during the Han dynasty 206 B. Translated from the French original by Michael Black. Rules and Requirements. Early Chinese modernists in the 1920s and 1930s used a blend of realist and nonfigurative techniques to search for a middle ground between Western figurative oil painting and traditional Chinese literati painting, but the symbolic imperative behind that effort was to build a modern China with both Western technology and a rich Chinese cultural heritage. 1961 experiments with the expressive power of ink on paper by integrating white acrylic into it, to develop new chromatic nuances and shades of grey. Shanghai gathers creative talent and has great impact on both Chinese consumers and designers. Modern day artists have taken a new approach to calligraphy, manipulating and reinventing the traditional characteristics of the practice. “I have to face my reality.
El significado de Estilo: El posmodernismo, Desmitificación y Disonancia en Post Tiananmen Avant Garde chinos
The exhibition of experimental art goes against the repressive state an expression equivalent to a pleonasm in the case of China, which has never been a liberal state. Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, Kenneth Schermerhorn, Jordan Tang. Prerequisites: CHINESE 4A. Moratto is a Chartered Linguist and Fellow Member of the Chartered Institute of Linguists CIoL, Visiting Scholar at Shandong University, Honorary Research Fellow at the Center for Translation Studies of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, and Expert Member of the Translators Association of China TAC. To me, architecture never refers to a single layer, be it theory, history, aesthetics, or functionality. The reasons behind these cancellations and early terminations are complex. Openly antagonistic to official culture, they champion individualism, freedom ofexpression, and a radical overhaul of aesthetic concepts and forms; they reject bothChinese traditional art and socialist realism, deploying instead western modern andpostmodern styles such as Surrealism, Dada, Pop, and conceptual art. Artist Magazine and Mainland journal FineArts in China Zhongguo Meishu Bao begin editorial exchanges, contributing to widerattempts to develop institutional linkages between the Mainland and Taiwan. In literary descriptions of women’s bodies, like those in the Zhou dynasty c. Balancing India: the story of Peter Nagy Lleah Amy Smith. 1991Hong Kong expresses its ties to China during terrible floods in Mainland China. What can be particularly uncomfortable is the sense that naming is ultimately the only thing that matters, as in this passage: “In fact, these kinds of avant garde activities can be found in many cities in the second half of the 1970s and the 1980s, but thus far they have never been considered as a legitimate artistic movement, or a school with a true name. For her 2019 autumn/winter collection – presented at New York Fashion Week in September rather than at Shanghai Fashion Week – she reimagined herself as a writer, rather than a designer, distilling her love and worship of English author Virginia Woolf and influences from a recent trip to Mumbai, in India, into a series of beautiful designs.
Chef’s Day Off: Lessons From The Potter’s Wheel
Later, when we started to have access to almost everything, mainly with the internet, we got to know all the other music genres and styles. Volume 27, Number 2 Fall 2015: Special Issue on Hong Shen 洪深 and the Modern Mediasphere in Republican Era China, guest edited by Siyuan Liu and Xiaomei Chen. It’s these missing pieces that, in my mind, could have completed an already lovely show. That repeated formula of music making didn’t allow me to express myself. The exhibition, “Image and Phenomena” was the first significant engagement with video art in China. It includes Wenda Gu’s Vanishing36 Pigment Golden Sections Sanshiliuge huangjin fengel¥, Huang Yong Ping’sEmergency Exit Feichangkou, and works by Cai Guo qiang, Yang Jiecang, and WangLuyan. The titular work of the exhibition, Huang Yong Ping’s two part installation Theater of the World 1993 and The Bridge 1995 opens the exhibition on the seventh floor. Despite the Chinese government’s persistent censorship and dogged efforts to edit the past and create collective amnesia, the Tiananmen Square massacre has left an indelible mark on contemporary art in China.
Xu Hong, Looking back on the ’89 China/Avant Garde exhibition
] In the 1990s supporters of experimental oil painting also came under fire. Tibetan stories with transcultural perspectives and experimental styles: Chinese avant garde fiction as example Xi Liu 7. It is our desire to embody the fact that our spirit is free. But when we get to the present, which is Gao’s primary concern, then he doesn’t really demonstrate that contemporary Chinese art is essentially distinctive. Some works on these Web sites carry prices. Could they have imagined that the promise of the market to deliver them from the suffocating authority of the government controlled agencies would become a new and equally prescriptive authority. Check the boxes for the cookie categories you allow our site to use. The more we understand the West, the more we cherish our own culture. Art Stage Singapore 2011, Marina Bay Sands, SG. Moving image in China: 1988 2011. Xiao Lu herself sat among the audience, silent for the most part but a palpable presence nonetheless, a witness to the sincerity and authenticity of her prolific artistic practice. Government revenue and private money is devoted to the arts, includingthe building of an institutional infrastructure cultural centers in each countyand municipality, art museums, private galleries all of which translates into morefrequent exhibitions and a broadening market for art objects. 1994Lack of government support and declining public interest forces avant garde artiststo find alternative venues for exhibiting their work: books, magazines, private homes,less populated rural areas. That was actually only the start. Among them were Monica Dematte, an Italian critic and curator; Uli Sigg, the previous Swiss ambassador to China and the owner of the largest private collection of Chinese contemporary art; Howard Farber, a former real estinvestor and an avid private art collector from New York; Karen Smith, a British academic who works for a collector in the United States but also curates herself; Barbara London, an associate curator from the Museum of Modern Art’s Department of Film and Video, who “hikes the back roads of the Middle Kingdom in her quest for the best Chinese Media Art,” accompanied by F. The 1980s was a period of dramatic political, cultural, and economic change in the People’s Republic of China. A significant moment in the developmentof this “New Academicism” occurs in September when several murals are unveiledat the Beijing International Airport. Dimensions Art Foundation collaborateswith the Louvre on an exhibition of Impressionist painting held at the National PalaceMuseum in Taipei; the unprecedented exhibit draws waves upon waves of visitors. When the term fell into common parlance in the 1990s, audiences usually used it to describe films that portrayed the lives of the marginalized. A painting by Mainland artistChen Yifei fetches a record HK$1,375,000 close to US$200,000.
Log In
The decision over style was crucial to them precisely because the creation of an unprecedented “Chinese modern” style in painting – more specifically, the decision over how much of a traditional Chinese style to retain and how much of a Western style to adopt – was highly sensitized and emotionally charged because of its social and symbolic implications. Cold chicken in Chinese wine, crispy shrimp in Kataifi paste and shrimp sticks in plum sauce are just some of the specialties served by the historic restaurant. In 1957, he founded the Four Seas Artists Association. 10chancerylanegallery. The show includes work by KithTsang, Chan Yuk keung, Yank Wong, and Ellen Pau all Hong Kong, Li Shan Shanghai,and Wu Mali Taipei. Separates with Pizzo. As Whistler explained at the trial, “By using the word ‘nocturne’ I wished to indicate an artistic interest alone, divesting the picture of any outside anecdotal interest which might have been otherwise attached to it. Rafael’s work has been featured in British Vogue, Vogue Italia and DAZED, among other prominent publications. The curator of the groundbreaking exhibition in Beijing was Gao Minglu, now a professor in Pitt’s Department of History of Art and Architecture. Zhansui Yu’s monograph aims to help fill this gap by focusing on the avant garde fiction of Su Tong, Yu Hua and Ge Fei. 1982US Taiwan trade talks are held in Taipei. In April,a Tibetan avant garde group led by Li Yanping exhibits in Beijing People’s CulturalPalace.
Glorify the Empire
In reform era China, demolition and rubble have become unavoidable presence in most major cities. Helping millions of people and large organizations communicate more efficiently and precisely in all languages. Some filmmakersof the New Chinese Cinema are influenced by the style and incorporate its imageryin their work, for instance, Chen Kaige in Yellow Earth 1984, and Zhang Yimou inRed Sorghum 1987 and Raise the Red Lantern 1991, all critically acclaimed inthe West. Art historian Wang Hsiu hsiung criticizes this generation of artists as old fashionedand dominated by Japanese style modernism in a paper see bibliography deliveredat the symposium China, Modernity, Art Zhongguo, xiandai, meishu, held in conjunctionwith the exhibition; his lecture generates furious debate in the audience. The show never opens to the public. Forthe first time, an exhibit of local art is permanently on view. Created by Robert Wun after graduating from London College of Fashion in 2012, the brand has proved itself as a leading light in the industry, even though it was originally rejected from the LCF graduates’ press show. The implications are serious for children and the entire society, but the choice is not illogical. MAINLAND CHINATAIWAN HONGKONG. This social political movement is accompaniedby a Nativist movement in literature and art that advocates both an exploration ofTaiwan’s indigenous cultures and an attack on the Taiwanese tendency to accept allthings western. “Chinese contemporary art has been around for 30 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 796–813. He drew attention once again to the expression of pent up frustration and cathartic release in these works, framing them as the artist’s response to provocation—in the case of her Venice performance, for example, Xiao exposed herself against the wishes of the event’s organisers, who sternly opposed what they saw as a ‘sacrilegious’ display of nudity. 从1989 到 2003 installation view, 2003, 15 black and white digital prints, framed and then punctured by a bullet, 100 x 45 cm, printed 2018, edition 12/15, photographs by Li Songsong; photo: Kai Wasikowski, Xiao Lu: Impossible Dialogue 肖鲁:语嘿, 4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art, 2019; courtesy the artist. The avant garde group Space 2 disbands. This event is also financially supported by the Jackman Humanities Institute working group, Thinking Infrastructures in Global Asia. Of course they will never allow gay marriage – not for the next 500 years. The Quart Society is founded by Yeung Tung loong,Choi Yi yuan, Frederick Fung, Yank Wong, Fung Kwok leung, Choi He chuen, and HuiChing shun. The Materiality of Renaissance Architectural Drawings, eds. 54 x 41 x 124 cm 21¼ x 16⅛ x 48⅞ in. My mother played music all the time when I was still in her belly. Infused with an open approach to which an audience was invited to take part, the work won international acclaim from a wide group of people, ranging from professionals to the regular viewer. 10am, 5 February 1989, China/Avant Garde exhibition, National Art Gallery, Beijing; reproduced courtesy Wen Pulin Archive of Chinese Avant Garde Art and Xiao Lu. After some negotiation, the exhibition reopened on February 10, only to close again on February 15, after the National Art Museum received bomb threats. McKenzie traced a possible inspiration for the violence of such acts of exposure and endurance, as well as Xiao’s use of instruments of bloodshed like guns or knives and her evocation of hostile elements like ice, to her childhood and adolescence during the Cultural Revolution, when suffering and survival consumed the lives of many people across China.
Overview
However, its key concepts of the gaze and subjectivity as theorized through the experience of cinema were developed to explain the ideological hold of mass cinema: “The goal of the theoretical project was to disengage the spectator from his/her habitual, pre designated location in the dominant cinematic apparatus through a process of critical unraveling of the apparatus and thereby produce a politically conscious audience for another cinema. Geng Jianyi, interview by author, Hangzhou, July 13, 2006, and confirmed by Wu Shanzhuan. Ma’s The People’s Cry is similar in successfully reflecting social change, with the multiple hands stretched out from the miniature villages a metaphor for catharsis and release. Class devoted to discussion of readings in connection with viewing of media and related forms. With a total area of over 10,000 square meters, it spreads across three buildings and includes the signature Great Hall, further galleries, public spaces, an auditorium, and spaces for events, education, and research. The iconic “No U Turn” poster of the China/Avant Garde Exhibition that opened in the National Art Gallery presently known as the National Art Museum of China, NAMOC in Beijing on 5 Februari 1989. However, it does not limit itself solely to contributions from academic researchers. Ancient Chinese Prose: Read More. Venezuela: Jesús Rafael Soto, Carlos Cruz Diez. Readings in Chinese Buddhist Texts: Read More. The Stars hold another exhibition Xing xing huazhan at the NationalGallery, Beijing, in August, this time with official approval. Thailand, a vibrant lifestyle e. Chinese Avant garde art and independent cinema”, China Perspectives , 2011/2 2011, Online since 30 June 2011, connection on 06 October 2023. It is reported to be the largest exhibition of modern Chinese art evermounted in a western country. 34Triumphant Trajectories of Chinese Women Students. Although short lived, the Society is the first independent, artist runco op, and functions as a space for exhibition and informal artist meetings. Permission code required to register. The Pool Society including Zhang Peili,Geng Jianyi, and Wang Qiang creates a series called Yangshi Taichi No. In a 1991 video by artist Zhang Peili, what appears as an ordinary Chinese state news broadcast quickly descends into nonsense as a well known anchor reads the definitions of the Mandarin word for water. The Studio of Contemporary Art Xiandai yishugongzuoshi is founded by artist June Lai, who soon becomes a pivotal figure foryounger artists. Nicholas Jose, writer, academic and former Cultural Counsellor at the Australian Embassy in Beijing 1987–90, complemented and further enriched Xu’s clarification of the social, cultural and political circumstances for China/Avant Garde with a discussion of its impact outside of China, in the very different context of Australia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. “I really need the financial support. In Chinese, IFCL had university status, as shown in the name Zhongfa daxue Chinese French University. 36 I am grateful to Xu Tan for this insight about “Image and Phenomena,” shared after my presentation at the Asia Art Archive in America on 25 June 2014. ART 4710C: Advanced SculptureContinued problems in sculpture. It’s the perfect place for a romantic dinner, a special celebration, or simply a meal that allows you to appreciate Hamburg’s beauty while savoring some of the best food in the city. The title refers to the phrase “the children of Marx and Coca Cola” stated in Masculin Féminin, by Jean Luc Godard. Participating artistsinclude Huang Hai yun, Ku Shih yung, Lien Teh cheng, Lu Hsien ming, Margaret ShiuTan, and Tsong Pu, all of whom are selected for awards.
Get Involved
The Museum of Art becomes one of the principle exhibition venues in Hong Kong, organizingthe first Contemporary Hong Kong Art Biennial Exhibition. To a certain extent, Xu explained, the bodily experience to which femininity has historically been tied remains a primary source of inspiration—yet this is not the body constructed by and for the male gaze, circumscribed by desire. Vladimir Belogolovsky VB: Your practice is called Trace Architecture Office. Expanded political activism on the grassroots level leadsto the promotion of community cultural development projects by various townshipsand villages. It is reported that the content of the works,especially images of Mao, spurs protest among Chinese in Brazil. There is also an understanding that while the JCCA seeks to uphold the highest academic standards in terms of editorial and peer review, it should be open to innovative forms of presentation in support of differing interpretative perspectives. It was six years ago in Nanjing, when I was attending the 31st Theatre of Nations of ITI. Through January 7, 2024. Serves a major function in bringing this material together and to the attention of the international art world. The CCP reducesfinancial support for art during this period, suggesting to artists that they findcommercial outlets for the sale of their work a formerly illegal practice. The older generation is represented by Gaylord Chan, Hon Chi fun, and VanLau. The National Academy of Art establishesa center for traditional art. Wu Shanzhuan, “Guanyu ‘dashengyi'” [On “big business”. The founder of the journal Free Era, Cheng Nan jung, is accusedof treason and resists arrest by self immolation. Catwalk Show Ticket Requests. I was impressed by some works I saw, but never to the extent of proposing an exhibition or writing a book about them. New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art andthe National Palace Museum in Taipei arrange a US tour of 476 works from the Palacecollection. Dream Walking Huang Wenhai, 2005, 86 min. A number of new factors in Chinese art have encouraged this interest; these include 1 the deepening globalization of Chinese experimental art, 2 a crisis in the official exhibition system and the government’s aggressive response, 3 the appearance of new types of exhibition space as a consequence of China’s socioeconomic transformation, and 4 the emergence of independent curators and their growing influence on the development of experimental art. Analytics cookies help us understand how our visitors interact with the website. But while the Scars focus on their own experiences of the CR, theRustics depict the CR’s impact on ordinary people in rural and border regions.
About
Real Contemporary, as some art historians have pointed out, is art that is de “ideologicalised. “Just picking up the camera to document the work that they’re doing with their own bodies—it becomes the thing to do,” Johnson says. 64Su Xuelin was registered as Su Mei in the records of IFCL. Throughout the sixteen collections the duo has produced, they have continued to make meaningful, romantic, and surrealist pieces while using non traditional materials. Zhang’s works from the period tacitly refer to the social and political circumstances—Document on Hygiene, for instance, would appear to be a response to a concurrent government cleanliness campaign. For a start, there are a number of ways in which this is a lazy piece of bookmaking, or rather a testimony to the unwillingness of even the most prestigious presses to put resources into quality control, editing, and proofreading. Lion Art Xiongshi Meishu, a monthly journalof art and culture, shifts its focus from traditional Chinese to native Taiwaneseart. I was very angry at their decision. Technique itself may carry the message,as in the work of southern artists like Huang Hong der and Lin Horn wen, who usemonochromatic ink washes to capture the essence of local traditions. Han Mo, a journal on Chinese brush art, begins publication; its appearancecoincides with an interest among some artists, among them Huang Chih yang and YuanJai, in updating traditional Chinese techniques. Huang Yong Ping, The History of Chinese Painting and the History of Modern Western Art Washed in the Washing Machine for Two Minutes, 1987. The national per capita income in Taiwan reaches US$2,312. ” Hanart T Z Gallerysponsors a second 6. Entitled China/Avant Garde Zhongguo xiandai yishuzhan,a total of 293 paintings, sculptures, videos, and installations by 186 artists includingWang Guangyi, Xu Bing, Wu Shan Zhuan, Huang Yong Ping, and Wenda Gu are displayed. X + 222 Pages Paper Binding Smyth SewnISBN 1 876617 77 X. Join Vicky Cheng, the chef owner of one MICHELIN starred VEA, as he takes us to his favourite spots in Hong Kong’s fishing village Tai O. Can Xue, with her characters’ bodily swelling and splintering of bones, opens the reader to multiple voices whose stories, nonetheless, are unclear and perplexing. One further fortunate thing is that I managed to get the performance photographed. Building 3, 876 Jiangsu Lu near Huashan Lu江苏路876号3号楼, 近华山路Shanghai, China. Taiwan announces its withdrawal from the International Monetary Fund.
Our Products
Interestingly, colonial legacy is another impactful element, as former colonies tend to send students to their former occupiers. It’s a much different attitude from what Yu held in the past. LLC 275 European Cinema and Society may not be offered. 22Hong Lei’s painting After Song Dynasty Zhao Ji “Loquat and Bird” figure 3. 2006; Rabenu and Shkoler, 2020a. The artists will include Cauleen Smith, Kevin Jerome Everson, Larry Clark, Ja’Tovia Gary, Djibril Diop Mambéty, Madeleine Hunt Ehrlich, Adirley Queirós, Christopher Harris, Barbara McCullough, Arthur Jafa, Khalil Joseph, Steffani Jemison, Ulysses Jenkins, Ephraim Asili, Tracey Moffatt, Issac Julien, Terence Nance, John Akomfrah, Martine Syms, Noutama Frances Bodomo, Med Hondo, Garrett Bradley, Leah Gilliam, Edgar Arceneaux, Morgan Quaintance, and others. The ProvincialArt Museum opens in Tai chung. Solo exhibitions of work by Xu Bing and LuShengzhong open at the National Gallery, Beijing, in October. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 8, 281–298. Lion Art publishes special issues on MainlandChinese art, and begins reporting news related to current developments in the Mainlandart world. After the Tiananmen Square massacre occurred four months later, these shots were called “the first shots of Tiananmen” by the media. This is the second major and influential exhibitionof foreign art since the CR. As such, it would only be logical to give this notion proper thought and build a support system for students to help them meet their needs. “The ’85 Movement continues to expand, especiallythe number of conceptual or anti art fanyishu groups. In 2015, Xuzhi founded his self named fashion brand XU ZHI, whilst trying to capture the perplexing trials and tribulations of life. The final chapter 2000–present centres on works produced in the pre and post Olympic era, when China experienced unprecedented social and economic acceleration caused by globalisation and urbanisation. It engages students to use their linguistic knowledge and skills to survey portions of Chinese history and society and comprehend Chinese cultural heritage in contemporary and historic economic, social, and political contexts. This exhibition updates our audiences from where our watershed exhibition in 1999, Inside Out, left off and highlights the importance of continuing to challenge our assumptions about Chinese artistic traditions and the global impact that they and China have made on our world,” said Gary Garrels, Elise S. As a recent university graduate, I was quite respectful towards procedures and I wanted to report what I was planning to do. Visit Seller’s Storefront. The Taiwanese stockmarket drops 3,000 points, causing turmoil in the financial markets. Young people riot in the central businessdistrict on Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve, protesting the widening gap betweenrich and poor. Customer Service Guaranteed. The dramatic activism and sense of happening associated with this exhibition closely paralleled the political situation of the time: a heightening pro democracy movement was preparing itself for a major confrontation with the hard liners in the government. Garments worn by Anna May Wong, the first Chinese American movie star are featured in the exhibition alongside the minimalist suits of Mao Tse tung. There are universities from Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia/Pacific.